Brain drain and brain circulation

According to an article, a brain drain or human capital flight is an emigration of trained and talented individuals ("human capital") to other nations or jurisdictions, due to conflicts, lack of opportunity, health hazards where they are living or other reasons. Spokesmen for the Royal Society of London coined the expression “brain drain” to describe the outflow of scientists and technologists to Canada and the United States in the early 1950s. Its counterpart is brain gain in the areas to which talent migrates. Brain drain can occur either when individuals who study abroad and complete their education do not return to their home country, or when individuals educated in their home country emigrate for higher wages or better opportunities. This phenomenon is perhaps most problematic for developing nations, where it is widespread. In these countries, higher education and professional certification are often viewed as the surest path to escape from a troubled economy or difficult political situation. Brain drain can be described as “soft brain drain” which is the non-availability of research results from a country where the study was carried out. This could be due to a publication of the findings in an international journal to which health practitioners from the study country have little access. This is different from the physical movement of persons from the developing countries to northern nations “hard brain drain2”. 

In the article published in Perspective, the author looked into the problem of brain drain and showed what caused it and how to avoid and improve it. It had been included into database of oalib: http://goo.gl/58bnF.